白小鸟;焦养泉;

• 1:中国地质大学研究生院
• 2:中国地质大学资源学院
• 3:中国地质大学构造与油气资源教育部重点实验室
• 4:中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

转换斜坡是指两条倾向相同并在走向上叠覆的正断层之间的强烈旋转地带。此定义自20世纪50年代提出以来,尤其是在20世纪90年代后得到了深入的研究。转换斜坡是伸展盆地中传递带的一种类型,对储层沉积和烃类运聚具有重要意义。基于正断层的生长机制形成的转换斜坡具有显著的位移和演化特征,虽成因相似但规模悬殊。由于转换斜坡部位较小的构造沉降速率和对沉积物的输导作用,其控制下发育的沉积体的层序地层学特征为扇体,主要以进积的准层序组叠置而成;受转换斜坡演化的控制,沉积体的沉积学特征为前期扇体随断层叠覆程度加深而增大,后期随转换斜坡的破坏水系被重新定位从而导致扇体废弃。针对转换斜坡的特征,总结了前人对其研究的思路和方法。方法包括实验模拟研究和地质研究,其中,地质研究包括断层的定量分析、地层厚度和高程分析及层序地层学方法和沉积学分析。最后归纳了转换斜坡及其在油气储层研究中的应用与发展,并认为该领域在国内颇具研究前景。

关键词(KeyWords)： 转换斜坡;位移;演化;层序地层学;沉积学

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 中国石油天然气股份有限公司大港油田公司大型横向协作项目“歧口凹陷富油气凹陷结构构造、层序地层及沉积体系研究”(DGYT-2007-JS-5315)

作者(Author): 白小鸟;焦养泉;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Goguel J.Traite de Tectonique.Masson,Paris Translated byThalmann,H.E.,1962.Tectonics,1952,Freeman,SanFrancisco.
• [2]Larsen P H.Relay structures in a Lower Permian basement-involved extension system,East Greenland[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1988,10:3-8.
• [3]Peacock D C P,Parfitt E A.Active relay ramps and normalfault propagation on Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,2002,24:729-742.
• [4]Peacock D C P,Sanderson D J.Geometry and development ofrelay ramps in normal fault systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,1994,78:147-165.
• [5]Macdonald G A.Faults and monoclines on Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1957,68:269-271.
• [6]Peacock D C P,Knipe R J,Sanderson D J.Glossary of nor-mal faults[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2000,22:291-305.
• [7]Bosworth W.Geometry of propagating continental rifts[J].Nature,1985,316:625-627.
• [8]Faulds J E,Varga R J.The role of accommodation zones andtransfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terra-nes[C]∥Faulds J E,Stewart J H.Accommodation zones andtransfer zones:The regional segmentation of the basin andrange province.[S.l.]:Geological Society of America SpecialPaper,1998,323:1-45.
• [9]Morley C K,Nelson R A,Patton T L,et al.Transfer zonein east Africa rift system and their relevance to hydrocarbonexploration in rifts[J].AAPG Belletin,1990,74:1234-1253.
• [10]Moustafa A R.Controls on the development and evolution oftransfer zones:The influence of basement structure and sedi-mentary thickness in the Suez rift and Red Sea[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1997,19:755-768.
• [11]Moustafa A R.Controls on the geometry of transfer zones inthe Suez riftand northwest Red Sea:Implications for the struc-tural geometry of rift systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86:979-1000.
• [12]Peacock D C P.Strike-slip relay ramps[J].Journal of Struc-tural Geology,1995,17(10):1351-1360.
• [13]Leeder M R,Gawthorpe R L.Sedimentary models for exten-sional tilt-block/half-graben basins[J].Geological Society Spe-cial Publication.1987,28:139-152.
• [14]Gawthorpe R L,Hurst J M.Transfer zones in extensional ba-sins:Their structural style and influence on drainage develop-ment and stratigraphy[J].J.Geol.Soc.Lond.,1993,150:1137-1152.
• [15]Morley C K.Developments in the structural geology of riftsover the last decade and their impact on hydrocarbon explora-tion[J].Geol.Soc.London Spec.Publ.1995,80:1-32.
• [16]Gupta S,Cowie P A,Dawers N H,et al.Mechanism to ex-plain rift basin subsidence and stratigraphic patterns throughfault array evolution[J].Geology,1998,26:595-598.
• [17]Gawthorpe R L,Leeder M R.Tectono-sedimentary evolutionof active extensional basins[J].Basin Research,2000,12:195-218.
• [18]Coskun B.Oil and gas fields-transfer zone relationships,Thrace basin,NW Turkey[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,1997,14(4):401-416.
• [19]Peacock D C P.Displacement and segment linkage in strike-slip fault zones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1991,13:1025-1035.
• [20]Peacock D C P,Sanderson J.Displacement,segment linkageand relay ramps in normal fault zones[J].Journal of StructuralGeology,1991,13:721-733.
• [21]Cartwright J A,Trudgill B D,Mansfield C S.Fault growthby segment linkage,an explanation for scatter in maximum dis-placement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabensof SE Utah[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:1319-1326.
• [22]Willemse E J M,Pollard D D,Aydin A.Three dimensionalanalyses of slip distributions on normal faults arrays with con-sequences for fault scaling[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1996,18:295-309.
• [23]Kim Y S,Andrews J R,Sanderson D J.Damage zonesaround strike-slip fault systems and strike-slip fault evolution,Crackington Haven,southwest England[J].Geoscience Jour-nal,2000,4:53-72.
• [24]Kim Y S,Andrews J R,Sanderson D J.Secondary faults andsegment linkage in strike-slip fault systems at Rame Head,southern Cornwall[J].Geoscience in South-West England,2001,10:123-133.
• [25]Gupta S,Underhill J R,Sharp I R,et al.Role of fault inter-actions in controlling synrift sediment dispersal patterns:Mio-cene,Abu Alaqa Group,Suez Rift,Sinai,Egypt[J].BasinResearch,1999,11:167-189.
• [26]Anders M H,Schlische R W.Overlapping faults,intra-basinhighs,and the growth of normal faults[J].Journal of Geolo-gy,1994,102:165-180.
• [27]Cowie P A,Scholz C H.Physical explanation for the displace-ment-length relationship of faults:A post-yield fracture me-chanics model[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1992,14:1133-1148.
• [28]Cowie P A,Scholz C H.Displacement-length scaling relation-ship for faults:Data synthesis and discussion[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1992,14:1149-1156.
• [29]Dawers N H,Anders M H.Displacement-length scaling andfault linkage[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:607-614.
• [30]Kim Y S,Sanderson D J.The relationship between displace-ment and length of faults:A review[J].Earth-Science Re-views,2005,68:317-334.
• [31]Griffiths P S.Box-fault systems and ramps:A typical associa-tions of structures from the eastern shoulder of the Kenya Rift[J].Geological Magazine,1980,117:579-586.
• [32]Ferrill D A,Stamatakos J A,Sims D.Normal fault corruga-tion:Implications for growth and seismicity of active normalfaults[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1999,21:1027-1038.
• [33]Soliva R,Benedicto A.A linkage criterion for segmented nor-mal faults[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26:2251-2267.
• [34]Peacock D C P,Price S P,Whitham A G,et al.The worldsbiggest relay ramp:Hold with hope,NE Greenland[J].Jour-nal of Structural Geology,2000,22:843-850.
• [35]Young M J,Gawthorpe R L,Sharp I R.Sedimentology andsequence stratigraphy of a transfer zone coarse-grained delta,Miocene Suez Rift,Egypt[J].Sedimentology,2000,47:1081-1104.
• [36]Young M J,Gawthorpe R L,Sharp I R.Architecture andevolution of syn-rift clastic depositional systems towards thetip of a major fault segment,Suez Rift,Egypt[J].Basin Re-search,2002,14:1-23.
• [37]Imber J,Tuckwell G W,Childs C W,et al.Three-dimensionaldistinct element modelling of relay growth and breaching alongnormal faults[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2004,26:1897-1911.
• [38]Rotevatn A,Tveranger J,Howell J A,et al.Dynamic investi-gation of the effect of a relay ramp on simulated fluid flow:Geocellular modelling of the Delicate Arch Ramp,Utah[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2009,15(1):45-58.
• [39]Kim W,Paola C.Long-period cyclic sedimentation with con-stant tectonic forcing in an experimental relay ramp[J].Geolo-gy,2007,35:331-334.
• [40]Athmer W,Groenenberg R M,Luthi S M.Relay ramps aspathways for turbidity currents:A study combining analoguesandbox experiments and numerical flow simulations[J].Sedi-mentology,2010,57(3):806-823.
• [41]Rotevatn A,Buckley S J,Howell J A,et al.Overlappingfaults and their effect on fluid flow in different reservoir types:A LIDAR-based outcrop modeling and flow simulation study[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93:407-427.
• [42]Rotevatn A,Fossen H,HesthammerJ,et al.Are relayramps conduits for fluid flow Structural analysis of a relayramp in Arches National Park,Utah[J].Geological SocietySpecial Publication,2007,270:55-71.
• [43]Maerten L,Pollard D D,Karpuz R.How to constrain3-Dfault continuity and linkage using reflection seismic data:Ageomechanical approach[J].AAPG Bulletin,2000,84:1311-1324.
• [44]李思田,解习农,王华,等.沉积盆地分析基础与应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
• [45]Willemse E J M.Segmented faults:Correspondence betweenthree-dimensional mechanical models and field data[J].Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,1997,102:675-692.
• [46]Trudgill B,Cartwright J.Relay-ramp forms and normal-faultlinkages,Canyonlands National Park,Utah[J].GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin,1994,106:1143-1157.
• [47]Cartwright J A,Mansfield C S.Lateral displacement variationand lateral tip geometry of normal faults in the CanyonlandsNational Park,Utah[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1998,20:3-19.
• [48]Dawers N H,Anders M H,Scholz C H.Growth of normalfaults:Displacement-length scaling[J].Geology,1993,21:1107-1110.
• [49]Schlische R W,Young S S,Ackermann R V,et al.Geometryand scaling relations of a population of very small rift-relatednormal faults[J].Geology,1996,24:683-686.
• [50]Contreras J,Anders M H,Scholz C H.Growth of a normalfault system:Observations from the Lake Malawi Basin of theeast African rift[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2000,22:159-168.
• [51]King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and thetriggering of earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1994,84:935-953.
• [52]Hodgkinson K M,Stein R S,King G.C P.The1954Rain-bow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquakes:Atriggered normal faulting sequence[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1996,101:25459-25471.
• [53]Deng J S,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stressfield in SouthernCalifornia and triggering of moderate size earthquakes:A 200-years perspective[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102:9859-9886.
• [54]Crider J G,Pollard D D.Fault linkage:Three-dimensionalmechanical interaction between echelon normal faults[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:24373-24391.
• [55]Spyropoulos C,Scholz C H,Shaw B E.A model for thegrowth of a population of cracks[J].EOS,Transactions of theAmerican Geophysical Union,1997,78:733.
• [56]Huggins P,Waiterson J,Walsh J J,et al.Relay zone geome-try and displacement transfer between normal faults recordedin coal-mine plans[J].Journal of Strucrural Geology,1995,17:1741-1755.
• [57]Bruhn R,Vagle K.Relay ramp evolution and mass flow depo-sition(Upper Kimmeridgian-Lower Volgian)in the Tail EndGraben,Danish North Sea[J].Basin Research,2005,17:551-567.
• [58]Morton A,Hurst A.Correlation of sandstones using heavyminerals:An example from the Statfjord Formation of the Sn-orre Field,northern North Sea[C]∥Dunay R E,Hailwood EA.Nonbio stratigraphical methods of dating and correlation.[S.l.]:Geological Society Special Publication,1995,89:3-22.
• [59]何钟铧,刘招君,张峰.重矿物分析在盆地中的应用研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(4):29-32.
• [60]周祖翼,毛凤鸣,廖宗廷,等.裂变径迹年龄多成分分离技术及其在沉积盆地物源分析中的应用[J].沉积学报,2001,19(3):456-458,473.
• [61]焦养泉,李珍,周海民.沉积盆地物质来源综合研究:以南堡老第三纪亚断陷盆地为例[J].岩相古地理,1998,18(5):16-20.
• [62]赵红格,刘池洋.物源分析方法及研究进展[J].沉积学报,2003,21(3):409-415.
• [63]Simpson D W,Anders M H.Tectonic and topography of thewestern United States:An application of digital mapping[J].GSA Today,1992,2:117-118,120-121.
• [64]Nicol A,Walsh J J,Watterson J,et al.Displacement ratesof normal faults[J].Nature,1997,390:157-159.
• [65]Bozkurt E,Sozbilir H.Evolution of the large-scale active man-isa fault,Southwest Turkey:Implications on fault develop-ment and regional tectonics[J].Geodinamica Acta,2006,19(6):427-453.
• [66]Ciftci N B,Bozkurt E.Anomalous stress field and activebreaching at relay ramps:A field example from Gediz Graben,SW Turkey[J].Geological Magazine,2007,144(4):687-699.
• [67]Walker J P F,Roberts G P,Cowie P A,et al.Horizontalstrain-rates and throw-rates across breached relay zones,cen-tral Italy:Implications for the preservation of throw deficits atpoints of normal fault linkage[J].Journal of Structural Geolo-gy,2009,31(10):1145-1160.
• [68]Matmon A,Katz O,Shaar R.Timing of relay ramp growthand normal fault linkage,Upper Galilee,northern Israel[J].Tectonics,2010,29:2016.
• [69]di Bucci D,Massa B,Zuppetta A.Relay ramps in active nor-mal fault zones:A clue to the identification of seismogenicsources(1688Sannio earthquake,Italy)[J].Geological Soci-ety of America Bulletin,2006,118(3/4):430-448.
• [70]Hus R,de Batist M,Klerkx J,et al.Fault linkage in continen-tal rifts:Structure and evolution of a large relay ramp inZavarotny,Lake Baikal(Russia)[J].Journal of Structural Ge-ology,2006,28:1338-1351.
• [71]Hus R,Acocella V,Funiciello R,et al.Sandbox models of re-lay ramp structure and evolution[J].Journal of Structural Ge-ology,2005,27:459-473.
• [72]Soliva R,Benedicto A,Maerten L.Spacing and linkage of con-fined normal faults:Importance of mechanical thickness[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2006,111(B1):Art.No.B01402.
• [73]Trudgill B D.Structural controls on drainage development inthe Canyonlands grabens of southeast Utah[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,2002,86:1095-1112.
• [74]Commins D,Gupta S,Cartwright J.Deformed streams revealgrowth and linkage of a normal fault array in the Canyonlandsgraben,Utah[J].Geology,2005,33:645-648.
• [75]Oftedal B T,Andresen A,Muller R.Early Triassic syn-riftsedimentation at hold with hope,Northeast Greenland[J].Onshore-Offshore Relationships on the North Atlantic Mar-gin,2005,12:191-206.
• [76]Peacock D C P.Propagation,interaction and linkage in normalfault systems[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58:121-142.
• [77]陈发景.调节带(或传递带)的基本概念及分类[J].现代地质,2003,17(2):186.
• [78]陈发景,贾庆素,张洪年.传递带及其在砂体发育中的作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,25(2):144-148.
• [79]王家豪,王华,肖敦清,等.伸展构造体系中传递带的控砂作用:储层预测的新思路[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(1):19-25.
• [80]王纪祥,陈发景,李趁义.山东惠民凹陷伸展构造及调节带特征[J].现代地质,2003,17(2):203-209.
• [81]漆家福.裂陷盆地中的构造变换带及其石油地质意义[J].海相油气地质,2007,12(4):43-50.
• [82]刘德来,王伟,马莉.伸展盆地转换带分析:以松辽盆地北部为例[J].地质科技情报,1994,13(1):59.
• [83]胡望水,王燮培.松辽盆地北部变换构造及其石油地质意义[J].石油与天然气地质,1994,15(2):164-172.
• [84]周建生,杨池银,陈发景,等.黄骅坳陷横向变换带的构造特征及成因[J].现代地质,1997,11(4):425-433.
• [85]刘剑平,汪新文,周章保,等.伸展地区变换构造研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2000,19(3):27-32.
• [86]邬光辉,漆家福.黄骅盆地一级构造变换带的特征与成因[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,2(2):152-128.
• [87]孙向阳,任建业.东营凹陷北带转换带构造与储集体分布[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(1):21-23.
• [88]赵红格,刘池阳,杨明慧,等.调节带和转换带及其在伸展区的分段作用[J].世界地质,2000,19(2):105-111.
• [89]刘剑平,汪新伟,汪新文.临清坳陷变换构造研究[J].地质科技情报,2004,23(4):51-54.
• [90]Dou L R,Chang L.Fault linkage patterns and their control onthe formation of the petroleum systems of the Erlian Basin,Eastern China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:1213-1224.